N'oge ọkọchị, osisi na-eche ọtụtụ nrụgide ihu dị ka oke okpomọkụ, ọkụ siri ike, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo (nrụgide mmiri), na nrụgide oxidative. Betaine, dị ka onye na-ahụ maka osmotic dị mkpa na solute dakọtara, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nguzogide osisi na nrụgide oge okpomọkụ ndị a. Isi ọrụ ya gụnyere:

1. Usoro nbibi:
Jikwaa nrụgide turgor cell:

Ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị elu na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ na-efunahụ mmiri, na-eduga na mmụba nke ikike osmotic cytoplasmic (na-aghọ denser), nke na-eme ka akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na mkpụrụ ndụ site na oghere ndị gbara ya gburugburu ma ọ bụ mgbidi cell nwere ikike ịmị mmiri siri ike. Betaine na-akwakọba n'ọtụtụ buru ibu na cytoplasm, na-ebelata ikike osmotic nke cytoplasm nke ọma, na-enyere mkpụrụ ndụ aka ịnọgide na-enwe nrụgide turgor dị elu, si otú a na-eguzogide akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ na ịnọgide na-eguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke nhazi na ọrụ cell.

Nrụgide osmotic vacuolar ziri ezi:

Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ion inorganic (dị ka K ⁺, Cl ⁻, wdg) na-agbakọta na vacuole iji nọgide na-enwe nrụgide osmotic. Betaine kacha dị na cytoplasm, nchịkọta ya na-enye aka dozie ọdịiche nrụgide osmotic dị n'etiti cytoplasm na vacuoles, na-egbochi mmebi nke cytoplasm n'ihi oke akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ.

2. Nchekwa biomolecules:
Ọdịdị protein kwụsiri ike:

Okpomọkụ dị elu nwere ike ịkpata denaturation protein na enweghị ọrụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ Betaine na-ebu ebubo dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma (zwitterionic) ma nwee ike ime ka nhazi ahụ dị n'ime protein kwụsie ike site na njikọ hydrogen na hydration, na-egbochi mpịaji, nchịkọta, ma ọ bụ denaturation na oke okpomọkụ. Nke a dị oké mkpa maka ịnọgide na-arụ ọrụ enzyme, protein ndị bụ isi na photosynthesis, na ọrụ nke protein ndị ọzọ nke metabolic.

Usoro ihe nkiri nchebe:

Okpomọkụ dị elu na ụdị ikuku oxygen na-emeghachi omume nwere ike imebi nhazi nke lipid bilayer nke membranes cell (dị ka membranes thylakoid na membranes plasma), na-eduga n'ọbara na-adịghị mma nke akpụkpọ ahụ, ntapu, na ọbụna gbasaa. Betaine nwere ike ime ka nhazi akpụkpọ ahụ kwụsie ike, nọgide na-enwe mmiri mmiri nkịtị na ike ime nhọrọ, ma chebe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke akụkụ ahụ fotoynthetic na akụkụ ahụ.

3. Nchekwa antioxidant:
Debe nguzozi osmotic ma belata mmebi nke abụọ nke nrụgide kpatara.

Mee ka usoro na ọrụ nke enzymes antioxidant guzosie ike (dị ka superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, wdg), kwalite arụmọrụ nke sistemu nchekwa antioxidant nke osisi ahụ, ma na-enyere aka na-ekpochapụ ụdị oxygen na-emeghachi omume.
Mwepụ ụdị oxygen na-emeghachi omume ozugbo:

Ìhè anyanwụ siri ike na okpomọkụ dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ nwere ike ime ka mmepụta nke ụdị ikuku oxygen dị ukwuu na osisi, na-akpata mmebi oxidative. Ọ bụ ezie na betain n'onwe ya abụghị antioxidant siri ike, enwere ike nweta ya site na:

4. Chebe photosynthesis:
Okpomọkụ dị elu na nrụgide ọkụ siri ike na-akpata mmebi dị ukwuu na isi usoro nke photosynthesis, photosystem II. Betaine nwere ike ichekwa akpụkpọ ahụ thylakoid, nọgide na-enwe nkwụsi ike nke mgbagwoju fotosystem II, hụ na a na-arụ ọrụ nke eriri ụgbọ njem eletrọn nke ọma, na ibelata photosynthesis nke photosynthesis.

5. Dịka onye inye onyinye methyl:

Betaine bụ otu n'ime ihe dị mkpa methyl nyere n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ, na-etinye aka na okirikiri methionine. N'okpuru ọnọdụ nrụgide, ọ nwere ike isonye na njikọ ma ọ bụ usoro metabolic nke ụfọdụ ihe na-anabata nrụgide site n'inye ndị otu methyl.

Na nchịkọta, n'oge okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, ọrụ bụ isi nke betain na osisi bụ:

Ndogide mmiri na mgbochi mmiri ozuzo:ịlụso akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ ọgụ site na nhazi osmotic.
Nchekwa okpomọkụ:na-echebe protein, enzymes, na membranes cell pụọ na mmebi okpomọkụ dị elu.

Iguzogide oxidation:na-akwalite ikike antioxidant ma na-ebelata mmebi nke photooxidative.
Jikwaa photosynthesis:chebe akụkụ ahụ fotoynthetic ma nọgide na-enweta ike ike.

Ya mere, mgbe ihe ọkụkụ na-ahụ ihe mgbaàmà nchekasị dị ka okpomọkụ dị elu na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ha na-eme ka ụzọ njikọ betaine na-arụ ọrụ (karịsịa site na abụọ oxidation nke choline na chloroplasts), na-akwakọba betaine na-arụsi ọrụ ike iji kwalite nguzogide nrụgide ha ma melite ikike ndụ ha na gburugburu okpomọkụ. Ụfọdụ ihe ọkụkụ na-anagide mmiri ozuzo na nnu (dịka sugar beets n'onwe ha, akwụkwọ nri, ọka wit, ọka bali, wdg) nwere ikike siri ike ịkwakọba betaine.

N'ime mmepụta ugbo, a na-ejikwa nsị betaine dị ka ihe na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ (dịka ọka, tomato, chili, wdg) n'oge okpomọkụ dị elu na nrụgide ụkọ mmiri ozuzo.