Betaine bụ ihe na-emekarị na-ekesa n'ime osisi na anụmanụ. Dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri, a na-enye ya n'ụdị anhydrous ma ọ bụ hydrochloride. Enwere ike itinye ya na nri anụmanụ maka ebumnuche dị iche iche.
Nke mbụ, ebumnuche ndị a nwere ike jikọta ya na ikike betaine nke methyl dị irè, nke na-emekarị na imeju. N'ihi nnyefe nke otu methyl na-adịghị akwụsi ike, a na-akwalite njikọ nke ogige dị iche iche dị ka methionine, carnitine na creatine. N'ụzọ dị otú a, betaine na-emetụta protein, lipid na ume metabolism, si otú ahụ na-agbanwe ihe mejupụtara anụ ahụ.
Nke abuo, ebumnuche nke ịgbakwunye betaine na nri nwere ike jikọta ya na ọrụ ya dị ka ihe nchebe organic penetrant. N'ime ọrụ a, betaine na-enyere mkpụrụ ndụ n'ime ahụ aka ịnọgide na-enwe nguzozi mmiri na ọrụ cell, karịsịa n'oge oge nrụgide. Ihe atụ a maara nke ọma bụ mmetụta dị mma nke betaine na ụmụ anụmanụ n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ.
N'ime ezì, a kọwawo mmetụta dị iche iche bara uru nke mgbakwunye betaine. Isiokwu a ga-elekwasị anya na ọrụ betaine dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri na ahụ ike nke eriri afọ nke piglets a napụrụ ara.
Ọtụtụ nchọpụta betaine akọwawo mmetụta na digestibility nke nri na ileum ma ọ bụ ngụkọta digestive tract nke pigs. Nleba anya ugboro ugboro nke ụba ileal digestibility nke eriri (eriri eri ma ọ bụ na-anọpụ iche na acid detergent fiber) na-egosi na betaine na-akpali gbaa ụka nke nje bacteria ugbua na obere eriri afọ, n'ihi na intestinal cell adịghị emepụta fiber-eriri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta n'oge a na-emepụta fiber-detergent fiber. mmebi nke eriri microbial a.
Ya mere, a na-ahụkwa ihe na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ dị mma na nsị nsị nke ọma. Na ngụkọta nke tract digestive, a kọwo na piglets agbakwunyere na 800 mg betaine / kg nri emewo ka protein protein dị mma (+ 6.4%) na ihe akọrọ (+ 4.2%) digestibility. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, nchọpụta dị iche iche gosiri na site n'ịgbakwụnye na 1,250 mg nke protein betaine. (+ 3.7%) na ether wepụ (+ 6.7%) ka emelitere.
Otu ihe nwere ike ime ka mmụba ahụ na-abawanye na nri nri nri bụ mmetụta betaine na mmepụta enzyme. N'ime nnyocha e mere na nso nso a na vivo na mgbakwunye nke betaine na piglets ara, ọrụ nke enzymes digestive (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin na chymotrypsin) na chyme ka a na-enyocha (Njirimara 1). na 2,500 mg betaine / kg nri karịa na 1,250 mg / kg. Mmụba nke ọrụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmụba nke mmepụta enzyme, ma ọ bụ na ọ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmụba nke catalytic arụmọrụ nke enzyme.
Ọgụgụ 1-ọrụ intestinal digestive enzyme nke piglets agbakwunyere na 0 mg/kg, 1,250 mg/kg ma ọ bụ 2,500 mg/kg betaine.
Na nnwale in vitro, e gosipụtara na site n'ịgbakwunye NaCl iji mepụta nrụgide osmotic dị elu, a na-egbochi trypsin na amylase. Ịgbakwunye ọkwa dị iche iche nke betaine na ule a weghachiri mmetụta mgbochi nke NaCl na ụba ọrụ enzyme. Otú ọ dị, mgbe NaCl adịghị agbakwunye na ngwọta nchekwa, betaine adịghị emetụta ọrụ enzyme na ntinye uche dị elu, ma ọ na-egosi mmetụta.
Ọ bụghị naanị na ụba digestibility nwere ike ịkọwa mmụba a na-akọ na arụmọrụ na-eto eto na ọnụego ntọghata nke ezì agbakwunyere na betaine dietary. Ịtinye betaine na nri ezi na-ebelata ihe ndị na-eme ka anụ ahụ na-edozi ume ike. pụtakwuo site n'ịbawanye ike na-enye ike maka uto karịa mmezi.
Mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial nke na-ekpuchi mgbidi eriri afọ kwesịrị ịnagide ọnọdụ osmotic dị ukwuu nke na-emepụta site na ihe ndị na-egbuke egbuke n'oge mgbaze nri. N'otu oge ahụ, mkpụrụ ndụ intestinal ndị a kwesịrị ịchịkwa mgbanwe mmiri na ihe oriri dị iche iche n'etiti lumen intestinal na plasma. Iji chebe sel site na ọnọdụ ndị a siri ike, betaine bụ ihe dị mkpa na-ahụ maka anụ ahụ dị iche iche. betaine n'ime anụ ahụ eriri afọ dị nnọọ elu. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a chọpụtala na ọkwa ndị a na-emetụta ihe oriri betaine nri. sel ndị na-edozi ahụ nke ọma ga-enwe ọganihu dị mma na ike mgbake ka mma. Ya mere, ndị nchọpụta chọpụtara na ịba ụba betaine nke piglets na-abawanye elu nke duodenal villi na omimi nke crypts ileal bụ ihe edo edo.
N'ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ, a pụrụ ịhụ mmụba nke elu villi na duodenum, jejunum, na ileum, ma ọ dịghị mmetụta ọ bụla na omimi nke crypts. Dị ka a na-ahụ na ọkụkọ broiler na-ebute ọrịa coccidia, mmetụta nchebe nke betaine na nhazi eriri afọ nwere ike ịdị mkpa ọbụna karị n'okpuru nsogbu ụfọdụ (osmotic).
Ihe mgbochi eriri afọ na-abụkarị nke mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial, bụ ndị na-ejikọta ibe ha site na protein njikọ siri ike.Iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ihe mgbochi a dị oké mkpa iji gbochie ntinye nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na nje bacteria na-emerụ ahụ, nke ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ. Maka ezi, a na-ewere mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbochi eriri afọ dị ka nsonaazụ nke mycotoxin mmetụta, ma ọ bụ mmetọ nke mmetọ ahụ.
Iji tụọ mmetụta na mmetụta mgbochi ahụ, a na-ejikarị ule in vitro nke ahịrị sel iji tụọ nguzogide eletriki transepithelial (TEER) . Site na ntinye betaine, enwere ike ịhụ TEER dị mma n'ọtụtụ nnwale in vitro. Mgbe batrị na-ekpughere okpomọkụ dị elu (42 ° C), TEER ga-ebelata (Njirimara 2) .Mgbakwunye nke betaine na-ebelata okpomọkụ nke TEER ndị a na-eme ka okpomọkụ dịkwuo elu. iguzogide.
Ọgụgụ 2-In vitro mmetụta nke oke okpomọkụ na betain na cell transepithelial resistance (TEER).
Na mgbakwunye, na nyocha in vivo na piglets, mmụba nkwuputa nke protein njikọ siri ike (occludin, claudin1, na zonula occludens-1) na anụ ahụ jejunum nke anụmanụ nke natara 1,250 mg / kg betaine tụrụ atụnyere ya na ndị na-ahụ maka njikwa. na-egosi mgbochi eriri afọ siri ike. Mgbe etinyere betaine na nri nke ezì na-eto eto, a na-atụle mmụba nke ike eriri afọ n'oge igbummadu.
N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ejikọtala betaine na sistemu antioxidant ma kọwaa mbelata radicals free, mbelata ọkwa nke malondialdehyde (MDA), yana nkwalite ọrụ glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
Betaine abụghị naanị na-eme dị ka osmoprotectant na anụmanụ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọtụtụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịgbakọ betaine site de novo synthesis ma ọ bụ njem site na gburugburu ebe obibi.E nwere ihe ịrịba ama na betaine nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị mma na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje bacteria na eriri afọ tract nke ara piglets.The ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ileal nje bacteria, karịsịa bifidobacteria na lactobacilli, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Enterac abawanyela.
N'ikpeazụ, a na-achọpụta na mmetụta nke betaine na ahụ ike nke eriri afọ nke piglets arapụ ara bụ mbelata nke afọ ọsịsa. Mmetụta a nwere ike ịdabere na dose: ihe mgbakwunye nri 2,500 mg / kg betaine dị irè karịa 1,250 mg / kg betaine n'ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ ọsịsa. Otú ọ dị, arụmọrụ nke piglets arapụpụrụ ara egosila na ọkwa abụọ nke 8 gosiri na ọkwa abụọ 8. A na-agbakwunye mg/kg nke betaine, ọnụego na ọnọdụ afọ ọsịsa na piglets agbapụrụ ara dị ala.
Betaine nwere uru pKa dị ala nke ihe dịka 1.8, nke na-eduga na mwepu nke betaine HCl mgbe ọ risịrị nri, na-eduga na acidification gastric.
Nri na-adọrọ mmasị bụ ike acidification nke betaine hydrochloride dị ka isi iyi nke betaine.Na ọgwụ mmadụ, betaine HCl supplements na-ejikarị na pepsin na-akwado ndị nwere nsogbu afọ na nsogbu digestive.
A maara nke ọma na pH nke ihe ọṅụṅụ gastric nke ara piglets nwere ike ịdịtụ elu (pH> 4), nke ga-emetụta ọrụ nke pepsin precursor na precursor pepsinogen.Ezigbo protein mgbaze bụ bụghị nanị na ọ dị mkpa ka ụmụ anụmanụ na-enweta ezi nnweta nke a nutrient.Na mgbakwunye, nri mgbakasị protein nwere ike ime ka emerụ proliferation nke opportunistic proliferation nke pathogen na opwe. afọ ọsịsa.Betaine nwere uru pKa dị ala nke ihe dịka 1.8, nke na-eduga na mwepu nke betaine HCl mgbe ọ risịrị nri, na-eduga na acidification gastric.
A na-ahụta reacidification a dị mkpirikpi na nchọpụta mmalite na ụmụ mmadụ na ọmụmụ ihe na nkịta. Mgbe otu dose nke 750 mg ma ọ bụ 1,500 mg betaine hydrochloride, pH nke afọ nke nkịta na-emeso ya na gastric acid na-ebelata ihe ndị na-eme ka ọ dị ntakịrị site na ihe dị ka 7 ruo pH 2. Otú ọ dị, n'ime ihe na-adịghị agwọ ọrịa nke afọ, ọ bụghị ihe metụtara pH2 nke nkịta. Mgbakwunye HCl.
Betaine nwere mmetụta dị mma na ahụ ike nke eriri afọ nke piglets arapụpụrụ ara. Nyochaa akwụkwọ a na-egosipụta ohere dị iche iche maka betaine iji kwado mgbaze nri na absorption, meziwanye ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ, na-emetụta microbiota, na ịkwalite ikike nchebe nke piglets.