Nchịkọta

Ọganihu kachasị ukwuu nke nnyocha carbohydrate na nri na ahụike ezì bụ nhazi carbohydrate doro anya, nke na-adabereghị naanị na nhazi kemịkalụ ya, kamakwa dabere na njirimara anụ ahụ ya. Na mgbakwunye na ịbụ isi iyi ike, ụdị na nhazi dị iche iche nke carbohydrates bara uru maka nri na ọrụ ahụike nke ezì. Ha na-etinye aka n'ịkwalite arụmọrụ uto na ọrụ eriri afọ nke ezì, na-achịkwa obodo nje bacteria eriri afọ, na ịchịkwa metabolism nke lipids na glucose. Usoro bụ isi nke carbohydrate bụ site na metabolites ya (short yinye fatty acids [SCFAs]) na ọkachasị site na scfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk na scfas-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK ụzọ iji chịkwaa metabolism abụba na glucose. Ọmụmụ ihe ọhụrụ enyochala njikọta kachasị mma nke ụdị na nhazi dị iche iche nke carbohydrates, nke nwere ike imeziwanye arụmọrụ uto na nri nri, kwalite ọrụ eriri afọ, ma mụbaa ụba nke nje bacteria na-emepụta butyrate na ezì. N'ozuzu, ihe akaebe siri ike na-akwado echiche na carbohydrates na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọrụ nri na ahụike nke ezì. Tinyere nke a, mkpebi nke nhazi carbohydrate ga-enwe uru echiche na nke bara uru maka mmepe nke teknụzụ nhazi carbohydrate na ezì.

1. Okwu Mmalite

Carbohydrates Polymeric, starch na nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) bụ isi ihe dị na nri na isi iyi ike nke ezi, na-emeju 60% - 70% nke mkpokọta oriri ike (Bach Knudsen). Ọ dị mkpa ịmara na ụdị na nhazi nke carbohydrates dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na ezi. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga egosila na iri nri na starch nwere oke amylose na amylose (AM / AP) nwere nzaghachi anụ ahụ doro anya na arụmọrụ uto nke ezi (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). A kwenyere na eriri nri, nke mejupụtara NSP, na-ebelata ojiji nri na uru ike net nke anụmanụ monogastric (NOBLET na le, 2001). Agbanyeghị, oriri eriri nri emetụtaghị arụmọrụ uto nke piglets (Han & Lee, 2005). Ihe akaebe na-egosi na eriri nri na-eme ka usoro eriri afọ na ọrụ mgbochi nke ezilets ka mma, ma na-ebelata ọrịa afọ ọsịsa (Chen et al., 2015; Lndberg, 2014; Wu et al., 2018). Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ịmụ otu esi eji carbohydrates dị mgbagwoju anya na nri nke ọma, ọkachasị nri bara ụba na eriri. A ga-akọwa ma tụlee njirimara nhazi na nkewa nke carbohydrates na ọrụ nri na ahụike ha maka ezi n'usoro nri. NSP na starch na-eguzogide ọgwụ (RS) bụ isi carbohydrates na-anaghị agbaze (wey et al., 2011), ebe microbiota eriri afọ na-agbaze carbohydrates na-anaghị agbaze ka ọ bụrụ obere abụba acids (SCFAs); Turnbaugh et al., 2006). Tinyere nke a, a na-ewere ụfọdụ oligosaccharides na polysaccharides dị ka probiotics nke anụmanụ, nke enwere ike iji kpalite oke nke Lactobacillus na Bifidobacterium n'ime eriri afọ (Mikkelsen et al., 2004; M ø LBAK et al., 2007; Welllock et al., 2008). Akọpụtala na mgbakwunye Oligosaccharide na-eme ka ihe mejupụtara microbiota eriri afọ ka mma (de Lange et al., 2010). Iji belata ojiji nke ndị na-akwalite uto nje na mmepụta ezì, ọ dị mkpa ịchọta ụzọ ndị ọzọ iji nweta ahụike anụmanụ dị mma. Enwere ohere itinye ọtụtụ carbohydrates na nri ezì. Ihe akaebe na-egosi na njikọta kacha mma nke starch, NSP na MOS nwere ike ịkwalite arụmọrụ uto na nri nri, mụbaa ọnụọgụ nje bacteria na-emepụta butyrate, ma melite metabolism lipid nke ezì a na-ara ara ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ (Zhou, Chen, et al., 2020; Zhou, Yu, et al., 2020). Ya mere, ebumnuche nke akwụkwọ a bụ inyocha nnyocha dị ugbu a gbasara ọrụ dị mkpa nke carbohydrate na-arụ n'ịkwalite arụmọrụ uto na ọrụ eriri afọ, ịchịkwa obodo nje bacteria na ahụike metabolic, na inyocha njikọta carbohydrate nke ezi.

2. Nkewa nke carbohydrates

Enwere ike kewaa carbohydrates nri dịka nha molekul ha si dị, ogo polymerization (DP), ụdị njikọ (a ma ọ bụ b) na ihe mejupụtara monomers nke ọ bụla (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). Ọ dị mkpa ịmara na nhazi isi nke carbohydrates dabere na DP ha, dị ka monosaccharides ma ọ bụ disaccharides (DP, 1-2), oligosaccharides (DP, 3-9) na polysaccharides (DP, ≥ 10), nke mejupụtara starch, NSP na glycosidic bonds (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et aL., 2007; Tebụl 1). Ọ dị mkpa inyocha kemịkalụ iji ghọta mmetụta physiological na ahụike nke carbohydrates. Site na njirimara kemịkalụ zuru oke nke carbohydrates, o kwere omume ịchịkọta ha dịka mmetụta ahụike na physiological ha si dị ma tinye ha na atụmatụ nhazi zuru oke (englist et al., 2007). A na-akọwa carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, na ọtụtụ starches) nke enzymes ndị a na-agbari ma na-abanye n'ime obere eriri afọ dị ka carbohydrates a na-agbari ma ọ bụ dị (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). Carbohydrates ndị na-eguzogide mgbaze eriri afọ, ma ọ bụ ndị na-adịghị etinye aka nke ọma ma na-agbanwe agbanwe, mana enwere ike imebi site na ịgbaze nje bacteria bụ carbohydrates ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ, dị ka ọtụtụ NSP, oligosaccharides ndị na-adịghị agbari na RS. N'ụzọ bụ isi, a na-akọwa carbohydrates ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ dị ka ndị na-anaghị agbari ma ọ bụ ndị a na-apụghị iji, mana ha na-enye nkọwa ziri ezi karịa nkewa nke carbohydrates (englist et al., 2007).

3.1 arụmọrụ uto

E ji ụdị polysaccharides abụọ mee starch. Amylose (AM) bụ ụdị starch linear α(1-4) jikọtara dextran, amylopectin (AP) bụ dextran α(1-4) jikọtara, nke nwere ihe dị ka 5% dextran α(1-6) iji mepụta molekul nwere alaka (tester et al., 2004). N'ihi nhazi na nhazi molekul dị iche iche, starch bara ọgaranya AP dị mfe ịgbari, ebe starch bara ọgaranya anaghị adị mfe ịgbari (Singh et al., 2010). Ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga egosila na inye starch nri nwere oke AM / AP dị iche iche nwere nzaghachi dị mkpa na arụmọrụ uto nke ezi (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). Iri nri na arụmọrụ nri nke ezi a napụrụ ara belatara ka mmụba nke AM (regmi et al., 2011). Agbanyeghị, ihe akaebe na-apụta na-egosi na nri nwere oke am na-eme ka uru kwa ụbọchị na arụmọrụ nri nke ezi ndị na-eto eto dịkwuo elu (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019). Na mgbakwunye, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kọrọ na inye nri dị iche iche nke oke AM / AP nke starch emetụtaghị arụmọrụ uto nke ezi ndị a na-ahapụ ara (Gao et al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), ebe nri AP dị elu mụbara ike mgbari nri nke ezi ndị a na-ahapụ ara (Gao et al., 2020A). Eriri nri bụ obere akụkụ nke nri sitere na osisi. Nsogbu dị ukwuu bụ na eriri nri dị elu jikọtara ya na obere ojiji nri na obere uru ike (noble & Le, 2001). N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, oriri eriri dị ala emetụtaghị arụmọrụ uto nke ezi ndị a na-ahapụ ara (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang et al., 2013). Mmetụta nke eriri nri na ojiji nri na uru ike net na-emetụta site na njirimara eriri, ebe isi iyi eriri dị iche iche nwere ike ịdị iche (lndber, 2014). N'ime ezi e wepụrụ ara, mgbakwunye na eriri pea nwere ọnụego mgbanwe nri dị elu karịa inye eriri ọka, eriri soybean na eriri wit bran (Chen et al., 2014). N'otu aka ahụ, ezi e wepụrụ ara e jiri ọka na ọka wit bran gwọọ gosiri arụmọrụ nri dị elu na mmụba ibu karịa nke ejiri akpụkpọ anụ soybean gwọọ (Zhao et al., 2018). N'ụzọ na-adọrọ mmasị, enweghị ọdịiche na arụmọrụ uto n'etiti otu eriri wit bran na otu inulin (Hu et al., 2020). Na mgbakwunye, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezi e tinyere na otu cellulose na otu xylan, mgbakwunye ahụ dị irè karịa β- Glucan na-emebi arụmọrụ uto nke ezi e tinyere (Wu et al., 2018). Oligosaccharides bụ obere carbohydrates dị arọ molekul, nke dị n'etiti shuga na polysaccharides (voragen, 1998). Ha nwere ihe ndị dị mkpa dị na ahụ mmadụ na nke anụ ahụ, gụnyere obere kalori na-eme ka nje bacteria bara uru too, yabụ enwere ike iji ha dị ka probiotics nri (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto na mancilha, 2007). Ịgbakwunye chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) nwere ike ime ka nri ndị na-edozi ahụ ka mma, belata ọrịa afọ ọsịsa ma melite ọdịdị eriri afọ, si otú a na-eme ka uto nke ezi ndị a na-ara ara ka mma (Zhou et al., 2012). Na mgbakwunye, nri ndị a na-agbakwunye na cos nwere ike ime ka arụmọrụ ọmụmụ nke mkpụrụ osisi (ọnụọgụ nke ezi ndị dị ndụ) ka mma (Cheng et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) na arụmọrụ uto nke ezi ndị na-eto eto (wontae et al., 2008). Mgbakwunye nke MOS na fructooligosaccharide nwekwara ike ime ka uto nke ezi dịkwuo mma (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013). Akụkọ ndị a na-egosi na ọtụtụ carbohydrates nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na uto nke ezi (tebụl 2a).

3.2 Ọrụ eriri afọ

Nri starch nke nwere oke am/ap nwere ike ime ka ahụike eriri afọ ka mma (tribyrinenwere ike ichebe ya maka ezi) site n'ịkwalite ọdịdị eriri afọ na ịchịkwa ọrụ eriri afọ metụtara ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ime ezi na-enye nwa ara (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011). Oke nke elu villi ruo elu villi na omimi recess nke ileum na jejunum dị elu mgbe e nyere ya nri am dị elu, ọnụego apoptosis zuru oke nke obere eriri afọ dị ala. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ mụbara ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-egbochi na duodenum na jejunum, ebe n'ime otu AP dị elu, ọrụ nke sucrose na maltase na jejunum nke ezi a na-enye ara mụbara (Gao et al., 2020b). N'otu aka ahụ, ọrụ gara aga chọpụtara na nri am bara ụba belatara pH na nri bara ụba AP mụbara ọnụọgụ nje bacteria niile na caecum nke ezi a na-enye ara (Gao et al., 2020A). Eriri nri bụ isi ihe na-emetụta mmepe eriri afọ na ọrụ ezi. Ihe akaebe ndị a chịkọtara na-egosi na eriri nri na-eme ka usoro eriri afọ na ọrụ mgbochi nke ezi ndị a na-ahapụ ara dịkwuo mma, ma na-ebelata ohere nke afọ ọsịsa (Chen et al., 2015; Lndber, 2014; Wu et al., 2018). Enweghị eriri nri na-eme ka nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa dịkwuo mfe ma na-emebi ọrụ mgbochi nke mucosa eriri afọ (Desai et al., 2016), ebe iri nri eriri na-anaghị agbaze nke ukwuu nwere ike igbochi nje site n'ịbawanye ogologo villi na ezi (hedemann et al., 2006). Ụdị eriri dị iche iche nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na ọrụ nke ihe mgbochi eriri afọ na ileum. Wit bran na pea fiber na-eme ka ọrụ ihe mgbochi eriri afọ dịkwuo mma site na ịchịkwa ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa TLR2 na imeziwanye obodo nje bacteria eriri afọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọka na eriri soybean (Chen et al., 2015). Iri eriri pea ogologo oge nwere ike ịchịkwa mmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ protein metụtara metabolism, si otú a na-eme ka ihe mgbochi eriri afọ na ọrụ mgbochi ahụ dịkwuo mma (Che et al., 2014). Inulin n'ihe oriri nwere ike izere nsogbu eriri afọ n'ime ụmụ ezi a na-ahapụ ara site n'ịbawanye ikike eriri afọ (Awad et al., 2013). Ọ dị mkpa ịmara na njikọta nke eriri na-agbaze (inulin) na eriri na-agbazeghị agbaze (cellulose) dị irè karịa naanị ya, nke nwere ike imeziwanye nnabata nri na ọrụ mgbochi eriri afọ n'ime ezi a na-ahapụ ara (Chen et al., 2019). Mmetụta nke eriri nri na mucosa eriri afọ dabere na ihe ndị mejupụtara ha. Nnyocha gara aga chọpụtara na xylan kwalitere ọrụ mgbochi eriri afọ, yana mgbanwe na ụdị nje bacteria na metabolites, glucan kwalitekwara ọrụ mgbochi eriri afọ na ahụike mucosal, mana mgbakwunye nke cellulose egosighi mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na ezi a na-ahapụ ara (Wu et al., 2018). Enwere ike iji oligosaccharides dị ka isi iyi carbon maka microorganisms dị na eriri afọ elu kama ịgbari ma jiri ya. Ntinye fructose nwere ike ime ka ọkpụrụkpụ mucosa eriri afọ dịkwuo elu, mmepụta butyric acid, ọnụọgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ recessive na mmụba nke mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial eriri afọ na ezi a na-ahapụ ara (Tsukahara et al., 2003). Pectin oligosaccharides nwere ike imeziwanye ọrụ mgbochi eriri afọ ma belata mmebi eriri afọ nke rotavirus na-akpata na piglets (Mao et al., 2017). Na mgbakwunye, achọpụtala na cos nwere ike ịkwalite uto nke mucosa eriri afọ nke ukwuu ma mee ka ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-egbochi piglets dịkwuo elu nke ukwuu (WAN, Jiang, et al. n'ụzọ zuru oke, ihe ndị a na-egosi na ụdị carbohydrate dị iche iche nwere ike imeziwanye ọrụ eriri afọ nke piglets (tebụl 2b).

Nchịkọta na atụmanya

Carbohydrate bụ isi iyi ike nke ezi, nke mejupụtara ọtụtụ monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides na polysaccharides. Okwu ndị dabere na njirimara anụ ahụ na-enyere aka ilekwasị anya na ọrụ ahụike nke carbohydrates ma melite izi ezi nke nhazi carbohydrate. Ụdị na ụdị carbohydrates dị iche iche nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na ịnọgide na-enwe arụmọrụ uto, na-akwalite ọrụ eriri afọ na nguzozi nje bacteria, na ịchịkwa metabolism lipid na glucose. Usoro enwere ike isi chịkwaa carbohydrate nke metabolism lipid na glucose dabere na metabolites ha (SCFAs), nke microbiota eriri afọ na-agbaze. Karịsịa, carbohydrate na nri nwere ike ịchịkwa metabolism glucose site na ụzọ scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY na ampk-g6pase / PEPCK, ma na-achịkwa metabolism lipid site na ụzọ scfas-gpr43 / 41 na amp / atp-ampk. Na mgbakwunye, mgbe ụdị carbohydrates dị iche iche dị na njikọta kacha mma, arụmọrụ uto na ọrụ ahụike nke ezi nwere ike imeziwanye.

Ọ dị mkpa ịmara na a ga-achọpụta ọrụ carbohydrate nwere ike ịrụ na protein na mmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nhazi metabolic site na iji usoro proteomics, genomics na metabonomics dị elu. Nke ikpeazụ mana ọ bụghị nke kacha nta, nyocha nke njikọta carbohydrate dị iche iche bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ọmụmụ nke nri carbohydrate dị iche iche na mmepụta ezi.

Isi mmalite: Akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị anụmanụ