Betaine nwere mmetụta dị mma n'afọ nke ezi e wepụrụ ara, mana a na-echefukarị ya mgbe a na-atụle ihe mgbakwunye nwere ike ịkwado ahụike afọ ma ọ bụ belata nsogbu ndị metụtara afọ ọsịsa. Ịtinye betaine dị ka ihe na-edozi ahụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na nri nwere ike imetụta anụmanụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ.
Nke mbụ, betaine nwere ikike inye onyinye methyl otu dị ike, ọkachasị n'ime imeju anụmanụ. N'ihi mbufe nke otu methyl na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, mmepụta nke ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche dịka methionine, carnitine na creatine na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma. N'ihi ya, betaine na-emetụta protein, lipid na metabolism ike nke anụmanụ, si otú a na-agbanwe nhazi nke anụ ahụ n'ụzọ bara uru.
Nke abụọ, enwere ike itinye betaine ka ọ bụrụ ihe nchebe nke organic intenetrant. Betaine na-arụ ọrụ dị ka osmoprotectant, na-enyere mkpụrụ ndụ n'ahụ aka ịnọgide na-enwe nguzozi mmiri na ọrụ mkpụrụ ndụ, karịsịa n'oge nrụgide. Ihe atụ a ma ama bụ mmetụta bara uru nke betaine nwere n'ahụ anụmanụ ndị na-enwe nrụgide okpomọkụ.
A kọwala ọtụtụ uru dị iche iche na arụmọrụ anụmanụ dịka nsonaazụ nke mgbakwunye betaine n'ụdị anhydrous ma ọ bụ hydrochloride. Isiokwu a ga-elekwasị anya na ọtụtụ ohere iji betaine dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri iji kwado ahụike afọ na ụmụ ezi a na-ahapụ ara.
Ọtụtụ nnyocha betaine akọpụtala mmetụta nke betaine nwere na mgbaze nri na ileum na colon nke ezi. Nnyocha ugboro ugboro nke mmụba nke mgbaze eriri na ileum (eriri unyi ma ọ bụ eriri na-anọpụ iche na acid sapling) na-egosi na betaine na-akpali mkpali nje bacteria na obere eriri afọ n'ihi na enterocytes anaghị emepụta enzymes na-emebi eriri. Akụkụ osisi fibrous nwere ihe oriri ndị enwere ike ịhapụ mgbe eriri nje bacteria na-ere ere. Ya mere, a hụkwara mmụba na mgbaze nri nke ihe kpọrọ nkụ na ntụ ntụ. N'ọkwa nke akụkụ eriri afọ dum, ụmụ ezi riri nri nke 800 mg betaine/kg gosiri mmụba nke mgbaze protein unyi (+6.4%) na ihe kpọrọ nkụ (+4.2%). Na mgbakwunye, ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ chọpụtara na a na-emeziwanye mgbaze zuru oke nke protein unyi (+3.7%) na ihe ether extract (+6.7%) site na mgbakwunye betaine na 1250 mg/kg.
Otu ihe nwere ike ime ka mmụba nke nnabata nri pụta ìhè bụ mmetụta nke betaine na mmepụta enzyme. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gbasara mmetụta nke mgbakwunye betaine na ụmụ ezi a na-ahapụ ara mere nyochachara ọrụ nke enzymes nri (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin na chymotrypsin) na digesta (Foto 1). Ọrụ nke enzymes niile mụbara, ewezuga maltase, mmetụta nke betaine pụtakwara ìhè karịa na dose nke 2500 mg betaine/kg nri karịa na dose nke 1250 mg/kg nri. Mmụba ọrụ nwere ike ịpụta site na mmụba mmepụta enzyme, mana ọ nwekwara ike ịpụta site na mmụba arụmọrụ catalytic nke enzymes. Nnwale In vitro egosila na a na-egbochi ọrụ trypsin na amylase site na imepụta nrụgide osmotic dị elu site na mgbakwunye nke NaCl. Na nnwale a, itinye betaine na njupụta dị iche iche weghachiri mmetụta mgbochi nke NaCl na ọrụ enzyme ka mma. Agbanyeghị, mgbe etinyeghị sodium chloride na mmiri nchekwa ahụ, ihe mejupụtara betaine enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla na ọrụ enzyme na obere njupụta, mana o gosipụtara mmetụta mgbochi na nnukwu njupụta.
Akọpụtala mmụba arụmọrụ uto na ọnụego mgbanwe nri na betaine nri ezì e nyere, yana mmụba nke ịgbari nri. Ịtinye betaine na nri ezì na-ebelatakwa mkpa ike anụmanụ ahụ. Echiche maka mmetụta a a hụrụ bụ na mgbe betaine dị iji nọgide na-enwe nrụgide osmotic n'ime sel, mkpa maka mgbapụta ion (usoro nke chọrọ ike) na-ebelata. Ya mere, n'ọnọdụ ebe oriri ike pere mpe, a na-atụ anya na mmetụta nke mgbakwunye betaine ga-abawanye site na ịbawanye uto kama ịnọgide na-enwe mkpa ike.
Mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial nke mgbidi eriri afọ ga-anagide ọnọdụ osmotic dị iche iche nke ihe dị n'ime lumen eriri afọ na-emepụta n'oge mgbaze nri. N'otu oge ahụ, mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial eriri afọ ndị a dị mkpa maka ijikwa mgbanwe mmiri na nri dị iche iche n'etiti lumen eriri afọ na plasma. Iji chebe mkpụrụ ndụ site na ọnọdụ siri ike ndị a, betaine bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ịbanye n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ọ bụrụ na ị lelee mkpokọta betaine na anụ ahụ dị iche iche, ị ga-ahụ na anụ ahụ eriri afọ nwere oke betaine. Na mgbakwunye, a hụla na ọkwa ndị a nwere ike imetụta site na mkpokọta betaine nri. Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị kwesịrị ekwesị ga-enwe ikike ịmụba nke ọma na nkwụsi ike dị mma. Na nchịkọta, ndị nchọpụta chọpụtara na mmụba ọkwa betaine na piglets mụbara elu nke duodenal villi na omimi nke ileal crypts, villi ahụ wee bụrụ otu.
N'ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ, a hụrụ mmụba nke elu villous na-enweghị mmetụta na omimi crypt na duodenum, jejunum, na ileum. Mmetụta nchebe nke betaine na nhazi eriri afọ nwere ike ịdị mkpa karịa na ọrịa ndị a kapịrị ọnụ (osmotic), dịka a hụrụ na ọkụkọ broiler nwere coccidia.
Ihe mgbochi eriri afọ bụ isi ihe mejupụtara mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial nke jikọtara onwe ha site na protein ndị na-ejikọta ọnụ. Iguzosi ike nke ihe mgbochi a dị mkpa iji gbochie ịbanye nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na nje bacteria ndị nwere ike ibute mbufụt. N'ime ezi, a na-eche na mmetụta ọjọọ na ihe mgbochi eriri afọ bụ nsonaazụ nke mmetọ nri site na mycotoxins ma ọ bụ otu n'ime mmetụta ọjọọ nke nrụgide okpomọkụ.
Iji tụọ mmetụta dị na mmetụta mgbochi ahụ, a na-anwalekarị ahịrị mkpụrụ ndụ n'ime vitro site na ịtụ ihe mgbochi eletriki transepithelial (TEER). A hụla mmụba na TEER n'ọtụtụ nnwale in vitro n'ihi ojiji betaine. TEER na-ebelata mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ na-apụta n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị elu (42°C) (Foto nke 2). Mgbakwunye betaine na usoro uto nke mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a na-ekpo ọkụ gbochiri mbelata na TEER, na-egosi mmezi thermotolerance ka mma. Na mgbakwunye, ọmụmụ in vivo na piglets kpughere mmụba nke ngosipụta nke protein njikọ siri ike (occludin, claudin1 na zonula occlusions-1) na anụ ahụ jejunal nke anụmanụ na-anata betaine na dose nke 1250 mg/kg ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu njikwa. Na mgbakwunye, ọrụ diamine oxidase, ihe nrịbama nke mmebi mucosal eriri afọ, belatara nke ukwuu na plasma nke ezi ndị a, na-egosi mgbochi eriri afọ siri ike. Mgbe etinyere betaine na nri nke ezi ndị na-emecha, a tụrụ mmụba nke ike nrụgide eriri afọ mgbe a na-egbu ya.
N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọtụtụ nnyocha ejikọtala betaine na sistemụ antioxidant ma kọwaa mbelata na free radicals, mbelata na ọkwa malondialdehyde (MDA), na mmụba na ọrụ glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na piglets gosiri na ọrụ GSH-Px dị na jejunum mụbara, ebe betaine nri enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla na MDA.
Ọ bụghị naanị na betaine na-arụ ọrụ dị ka osmoprotectant n'ime anụmanụ, kamakwa ọtụtụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịchịkọta betaine site na njikọta de novo ma ọ bụ ibuga site na gburugburu ebe obibi. E nwere ihe akaebe na betaine nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị mma na nje bacteria nke eriri afọ nke ezi e wepụrụ ara. Ọnụọgụ nje bacteria ileal mụbara, karịsịa bifidobacteria na lactobacilli. Na mgbakwunye, achọpụtara obere ọnụọgụ nke Enterobacteriaceae na nsị.
Mmetụta ikpeazụ a hụrụ na betaine nwere n'ahụike afọ na ụmụ ezi e wepụrụ ara bụ mbelata nke afọ ọsịsa. Mmetụta a nwere ike ịdabere na dose: mgbakwunye nri na betaine na dose nke 2500 mg/kg dị irè karịa ibelata ọrịa afọ ọsịsa karịa betaine na dose nke 1250 mg/kg. Agbanyeghị, arụmọrụ nwa ezi e wepụrụ ara yiri nke ahụ na ọkwa mgbakwunye abụọ ahụ. Ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ egosila na ọnụego afọ ọsịsa na ọrịa dị ala na ụmụ ezi e wepụrụ ara mgbe ejiri betaine 800 mg/kg gbakwunye ya.
N'ụzọ na-adọrọ mmasị, betaine hydrochloride nwere ike ime ka acid dị ka isi iyi nke betaine. N'ọgwụ, a na-ejikarị ihe mgbakwunye betaine hydrochloride na pepsin enyere ndị nwere nsogbu afọ na nri nri aka. N'okwu a, betaine hydrochloride na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi dị nchebe nke hydrochloric acid. Ọ bụ ezie na enweghị ozi ọ bụla gbasara ihe onwunwe a mgbe etinyere betaine hydrochloride na nri piglet, ọ nwere ike ịdị mkpa. A maara na n'ime ụmụ ezi e wepụrụ ara, pH afọ nwere ike ịdị elu (pH > 4), si otú a na-egbochi mkpali nke enzyme pepsin na-emebi protein na pepsinogen mbụ ya. Nri protein kacha mma dị mkpa ọ bụghị naanị ka anụmanụ wee nwee ike irite uru zuru oke nke nri a. Na mgbakwunye, protein a na-agbari nke ọma nwere ike ibute mmụba na-enweghị isi nke nje ndị nwere ohere ma mee ka nsogbu nke afọ ọsịsa mgbe a mụsịrị nwa ka njọ. Betaine nwere obere pKa uru nke ihe dị ka 1.8, nke na-eme ka betaine hydrochloride kewaa mgbe a riri ya, na-ebute acidification gastric. A hụla mmeghachi omume acid nwa oge a na ọmụmụ ihe mmadụ na ọmụmụ nkịta. Nkịta ndị e ji ihe ndị na-ebelata acid gwọọ n'oge gara aga nwetara mbelata dị ukwuu na pH afọ site na ihe dị ka pH 7 ruo pH 2 mgbe e jiri otu ọgwụ nke 750 mg ma ọ bụ 1500 mg nke betaine hydrochloride mee ihe. Agbanyeghị, na nkịta ndị na-anataghị ọgwụ ahụ, pH afọ belatara nke ukwuu. Ihe dị ka 2, n'agbanyeghị oriri betaine HCl.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com