I. Nchịkọta Ọrụ Isi
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO·2H₂O) bụ ihe dị ezigbo mkpa multifunctional ndepụta mgbakwunye na aquaculture. Achọpụtara ya na mbụ dị ka isi ihe na-adọta nri azụ. Agbanyeghị, site na nyocha miri emi, ekpughere ọrụ anụ ahụ dị mkpa karịa, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ngwa dị mkpa maka ịkwalite ahụike na uto nke anụmanụ ndị dị n'ime mmiri.

II. Ngwa na usoro nke ime ihe

1. Ihe na-adọta nri nwere ike
Nke a bụ ọrụ TMAO kacha ochie na ama ama.

• Mechanism: Ọtụtụ ngwaahịa mmiri, ọkachasịmmiri azụ,N'ezie nwere nnukwu mkpokọta TMAO, nke bụ isi mmalite nke njirimara "umami" nke azụ mmiri. Usoro ísì ụtọ na ụtọ nke anụmanụ mmiri na-enwe mmetụta nke ukwuu na TMAO, na-aghọta ya dị ka "ihe mgbama nri".
• Mmetụta:
  • Nri oriri na-abawanye: Ịtinye TMAO na-eri nri nwere ike kpalite agụụ azụ na oporo, ọkachasị n'oge usoro nri mbụ ma ọ bụ maka ụdị na-adọrọ adọrọ, na-adọta ha ngwa ngwa ka ha rie nri.
  • Oge nri belatara: Na-ebelata oge nri ga-adị na mmiri, na-ebelata ụkọ nri na mmetọ mmiri.
  • Ịdaba n'ime nri ndị ọzọ: Mgbe a na-eji isi mmalite protein (dịka ọmụmaatụ, nri soybean) dochie nri azụ, ịgbakwunye TMAO nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ maka enweghị ekpomeekpo ma melite nri nri.

2. Osmolyte (Osmotic Pressure Regulator)
Nke a bụ ọrụ physiological dị mkpa nke TMAO maka azụ mmiri na azụ diadrom.

• Usoro: Mmiri mmiri bụ ọnọdụ hyperosmotic, na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime ahụ azụ na-efunahụ oké osimiri mgbe niile. Iji nọgide na-enwe nguzozi nke mmiri dị n'ime, azụ̀ mmiri na-aṅụ mmiri oké osimiri ma na-akwakọba nnukwu ion inorganic (dịka, Na⁺, Cl⁻). TMAO na-arụ ọrụ dị ka "solute dakọtara" nke nwere ike igbochi mmetụta na-akpaghasị nke mkpokọta ion dị elu na nhazi protein, na-enyere aka ịkwado ọrụ protein intracellular.
• Mmetụta:
  • Mbelata Osmoregulatory Energy Expenditure: Na-agbakwunye yaTMAOna-enyere azụ azụ mmiri aka ịchịkwa nrụgide osmotic nke ọma, si otú a na-eduzi ume ndị ọzọ site na "ịnọgide ndụ" kwupụta "uto na mmeputakwa".
  • Emelitere Nlekere Nchegbu: N'okpuru ọnọdụ nke mgbanwe salinity ma ọ bụ nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi, mgbakwunye TMAO na-enyere aka ịnọgide na-enwe homeostasis organismal ma melite ọnụego ndụ.

3. Protein Stabilizer
TMAO nwere ikike pụrụ iche ichebe nhazi akụkụ atọ nke protein.

• Mechanism: N'okpuru ọnọdụ nrụgide (dịka ọmụmaatụ, okpomọkụ dị elu, akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, nrụgide dị elu), ndị na-edozi ahụ na-adịkarị mfe denaturation na adịghị arụ ọrụ. TMAO nwere ike soro ụmụ irighiri protein na-emekọrịta ihe n'ụzọ na-edoghị anya, ebe a na-ewepụ ya nke ọma na mpaghara hydration nke protein, si otú ahụ na-eme ka ọnọdụ protein dịkwuo mma ma na-egbochi denaturation.
• Mmetụta:
  • Na-echebe ahụike Gut: N'oge mgbari nri, enzymes intestinal kwesịrị ịnọgide na-arụ ọrụ. TMAO nwere ike ime ka enzymes digestive ndị a kwụsie ike, na-eme ka nri nri nri na itinye n'ọrụ.
  • Na-eme ka nrụgide nrụgide dịkwuo elu: N'oge okpomọkụ dị elu ma ọ bụ njem njem, mgbe anụmanụ ndị na-egwu mmiri na-eche nrụgide okpomọkụ ihu, TMAO na-enyere aka chebe nkwụsi ike nke protein dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ (dịka, enzymes, protein protein) n'ime ahụ, na-ebelata mmebi metụtara nrụgide.

4. Na-eme ka ahụike nke eriri afọ na ọdịdị ọdịdị ahụ dịkwuo mma

• Mechanism: Mmetụta osmoregulatory na protein-protein nke TMAO jikọtara ọnụ na-enye microenvironment kwụsiri ike maka sel eriri afọ. Ọ nwere ike ịkwalite mmepe nke villi intestinal, na-amụba ebe elu nke absorptive.
• Mmetụta:
  • Na-akwalite mmịnye ihe oriri: Mmụba nke eriri afọ ka mma pụtara ikike nnabata nri ka mma, nke bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ọnụọgụ ntụgharị nri dị mma.
  • Na-eme ka ọrụ mgbochi eriri afọ dịkwuo elu: nwere ike inye aka ịnọgide na-eguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke mucosa intestinal, na-ebelata mbuso agha nke nje na nsị.

5. Methyl Donor
TMAO nwere ike isonye na metabolism n'ime ahụ, na-eme dị ka onye inyeaka methyl.

• Mechanism: n'oge metabolism.TMAO nwere ike inye otu methyl na-arụ ọrụ, na-ekere òkè na mmeghachi omume biochemical dị iche iche, dị ka njikọ nke phospholipids, creatine, na neurotransmitters.
• Mmetụta: Na-akwalite uto, karịsịa n'oge usoro uto ngwa ngwa ebe ọchịchọ nke ìgwè methyl na-abawanye; Mgbakwunye TMAO nwere ike inye aka gboo ihe a chọrọ.

III. Ebumnuche na echiche ngwa

• Ebumnuche ngwa mbụ:
  • Azụ mmiri: Dị ka turbot, grouper, nnukwu croaker odo, mmiri mmiri, wdg. Ihe ha chọrọ maka TMAO bụ ihe kachasị mkpa n'ihi na ọrụ osmoregulatory ya dị mkpa.
  • Azụ diaromous: Dị ka salmonids (salmon), nke na-achọkwa ya n'oge oge ugbo mmiri.
  • Crustaceans: Dị ka anụ ọhịa / oporo na crabs. Nnyocha na-egosikwa na TMAO nwere mmetụta na-adọrọ adọrọ na nke na-akwalite uto.
  • Azụ mmiri dị ọhụrụ: Ọ bụ ezie na azụ̀ dị ọcha adịghị emepụta TMAO n'onwe ha, usoro ísì ísì ha ka nwere ike ịchọpụta ya, na-eme ka ọ dị irè dị ka ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nri. Agbanyeghị, ọrụ osmoregulatory anaghị arụ ọrụ na mmiri dị ọcha.
• Usoro onunu ogwu na echiche:
  • Usoro onunu ogwu: Ọkwa mgbakwunye a na-ahụkarị na nri na-abụkarị 0.1% ruo 0.3% (ya bụ, 1-3 n'arọ kwa tọn nri). Ekwesịrị ikpebi usoro onunu a kapịrị ọnụ dabere na ule na-atụle ụdị omenala, ọkwa uto, nhazi nri, na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri.
  • Mmekọrịta na Choline na Betaine: Choline na betaine bụ ihe mmalite na TMAO na enwere ike ịtụgharị ya na TMAO n'ime ahụ. Agbanyeghị, ha enweghị ike dochie TMAO n'ụzọ zuru oke n'ihi oke ntughari arụmọrụ yana ọrụ TMAO pụrụ iche na-adọrọ adọrọ na na-edozi protein. Na omume, a na-ejikarị synergistically eme ihe.
  • Okwu ịdoụbiga mmanya ókè: Mgbakwụnye karịrị akarị (karịrị usoro akwadoro) nwere ike ibute n'efu ma nwee ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ụdị ụfọdụ, mana a na-ewere ya ugbu a na ọ nweghị nchekwa na ọkwa mgbakwunye ọdịnala.

IV. Nchịkọta
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO · 2H₂O) bụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ihe mgbakwunye nri multifunctional na aquaculture na-ejikọta ọrụ nke nri nri, ụkpụrụ nrụgide osmotic, nkwụsi ike protein, na nkwalite ahụike eriri afọ.

Ngwa ya abụghị naanị na-abawanye ọnụego oriri na uto uto nke anụmanụ mmiri mana ọ na-abawanye n'ụzọ na-edoghị anya nke ọma itinye n'ọrụ nri na ahụ ike organism site na ibelata mmefu ike physiological na ime ka nrụgide nrụgide sie ike. N'ikpeazụ, ọ na-enye nkwado ọrụ aka siri ike maka ịba ụba mmepụta, ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma, na mmepe mmepe nke aquaculture. N'ime nri mmiri nke ọgbara ọhụrụ, ọkachasị nri azụ mmiri dị elu, ọ bụrụla ihe dị mkpa dị mkpa.